Recent Articles

Varnika Agarwal  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  13 May 2026

The luxury fashion resale market has grown at an annual 10 % rate—three times faster than the primary market—driven by decluttering, sustainability concerns, and a desire for heritage pieces. Using a stratified online survey, based upon 2000 2025 data, this study tests how price advantage, environmental consciousness, and emotional attachment predict purchase intention. Historically rooted in necessity, second-hand markets have evolved into expressions of counterculture, sustainability, and contemporary fashion ethics. Following this rapid growth, digital platforms such as The RealReal, Vestiaire Collective, Relove, and Revivify have strengthened trust and accessibility through authentication technologies and curated interfaces. Results indicate that price performance utility and heritage value are the strongest predictors, while ethical concerns exert a modest but significant effect. The findings suggest that resale democratizes luxury access while reinforcing brand equity through “circular value capture. Ultimately, luxury resale reflects converging environmental, economic, and cultural forces, raising questions about its future influence on brand identity, consumer loyalty, and the moral economy of luxury.

Mrs. M. Anbu  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  13 May 2026

SQL Injection (SQLi) attacks continue to pose a significant threat to modern web applications, enabling attackers to manipulate database queries and gain unauthorized access to sensitive information. Despite advancements in secure development practices, many applications remain vulnerable due to improper input validation, insecure coding techniques, and evolving attack methods. This research focuses on the detection and prevention of SQL injection attacks in contemporary web environments.

Vaishnavi Nitin Mhetre, Jayshree Jogdand, Samruddhi Pawar  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  13 May 2026

Agriculture is considered to be the backbone of India but it is facing exploitation. India’s population depends only on agriculture. Nowadays the concept of automation goes on developing to a peak. The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in agriculture has led to significant advancements in precision farming, particularly in smart irrigation systems that monitor and manage soil nutrients. To introduce a smart irrigation system using ESP32 for water management with the nutrient monitor. The paper begins by studying the core components and the technologies that support these systems such as temperature sensor, moisture sensor, nutrient detector sensor and automated irrigation controllers. The main objective of this project is to automate the irrigation system of crops and along with that monitor the essential soil nutrients such as potassium, nitrogen and phosphorous. The monitoring process of nutrients will help the farmers to chose the appropriate fertilizer for the health growth of the plant. In the traditional farming, water wastage is a major problem for the farmers and as well as supplying excess water to the plants can damage the crop. To overcome this major problem the project is designed in such a way that it automates the water supply depending upon the moisture level of soil. The switching of the water pump in this project can be done manually or switching ON/OFF in the mobile app (Blynk).

Mahima  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  06 May 2026

Theoretical frameworks and empirical findings consistently underscore the prominence of cybersecurity awareness as a central theme in contemporary cybersecurity research. This review paper aims to gain knowledge about the term ‘cybersecurity’ and the need to analyze and identify various kinds of threats that a person or organization may face in this information era, because as connectivity increases, the devices can interact and share information, and this could lead to a rise in cybersecurity risk. This paper covers various threats, including malware, ransomware, phishing, data breaches, and physical manipulation. These threats carry potential consequences such as financial loss, psychosocial impacts, erosion of trust, and unauthorized disclosure of sensitive data. “This discussion examines AI-enabled defence strategies and procedural frameworks that contribute to strengthening cybersecurity awareness and protection.” This paper is based on data collected from government agencies. This paper defines cybersecurity and discusses various cybersecurity threats like phishing, data breaches, ransomware, denial of service, and advanced persistent threats. The primary goal is to lower expenses brought on by cybersecurity risks.

Shivanand R Koppalkar  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  06 May 2026

This paper develops a comprehensive AI risk mitigation proposal for Innovate Software Consulting Inc Ltd. The organization operates as an enterprise technology consulting firm. It serves clients across four specialized service domains. These domains are Oracle Human Capital Management Cloud, B2B credit risk management, healthcare information technology through the electronic Integrated Healthcare Management System, and enterprise analytics. The risk management plan addresses three interconnected pillars of AI deployment risk. The first pillar covers cybersecurity protections against adversarial attacks, data poisoning, model inversion, and deepfake-enabled fraud. The second pillar establishes ethical safeguards that ensure bias mitigation, algorithmic fairness, transparency in decision outputs, and responsible AI practices. The third strategic pillar focuses on developing and maintaining legal compliance across a comprehensive set of regulatory requirements. The compliance strategies developed within this pillar address six distinct governing frameworks. These cover data privacy obligations under regional and national law. They also address healthcare information protection standards, consumer financial rights protections, and fair lending requirements. The emerging obligations introduced by artificial intelligence legislation in the European Union are also addressed (Wachter et al., 2017). The analytical foundation of this proposal extends beyond the present document. Five strategic deliverables completed contribute directly to the frameworks, conclusions, and recommendations presented here, ensuring that each component of this proposal builds on previously established and documented strategic thinking (Koppalkar, 2026). These documents include the organizational AI vision statement, the ethical AI governance framework, the AI team structure proposal, the collaborative executive review exercise, the enterprise data governance plan, and the AI success measurement framework. Two generative AI tools served as strategic review instruments. Claude from Anthropic and Gemini from Google independently evaluated the risk management plan from four C-suite executive perspectives. The perspectives gathered represented four core organizational functions at the executive level like legal governance led by the Chief Legal Counsel, financial oversight led by the Chief Financial Officer, operational management led by the Chief Operating Officer, and overall organizational leadership led by the Chief Executive Officer (Koppalkar, 2026). The resulting eight structured assessments produced convergent insights around regulatory specificity requirements, cost-benefit quantification gaps, operational scalability challenges, and strategic communication opportunities. The critical reflection section brings together the feedback collected from senior executive stakeholders, assesses the strengths and limitations of the analytical methodology applied throughout this study, and presents a structured four-quarter implementation plan. This plan is anchored in the governance principles and risk management functions established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology AI Risk Management Framework (NIST, 2023).

Priyanka Sharma  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  06 May 2026

यह शोध पत्र भारत में विकेंद्रीकरण (Decentralization) और सुशासन (Good Governance) के बीच अंतर्संबंध का गहन विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है, विशेष रूप से पंचायती राज संस्थाओं (Panchayati Raj Institutions – PRIs) के संदर्भ में। अध्ययन का केंद्रीय तर्क यह है कि प्रभावी विकेंद्रीकरण केवल प्रशासनिक शक्तियों के हस्तांतरण तक सीमित नहीं है, बल्कि यह सूचना के लोकतंत्रीकरण, स्थानीय भागीदारी, और जवाबदेही की संरचनाओं के सुदृढ़ीकरण पर भी निर्भर करता है। इस संदर्भ में, पंचायती राज संस्थाएं भारत में लोकतंत्र को जमीनी स्तर तक पहुँचाने का एक महत्वपूर्ण माध्यम बनकर उभरी हैं, जो नागरिकों और शासन के बीच की दूरी को कम करती हैं तथा सूचना असमानता (Information Asymmetry) को घटाने में सहायक होती हैं। 1992 के 73वें संविधान संशोधन अधिनियम के माध्यम से पंचायती राज संस्थाओं को संवैधानिक मान्यता प्रदान की गई, जिससे ग्रामीण शासन में राजनीतिक, प्रशासनिक और आंशिक रूप से वित्तीय विकेंद्रीकरण की प्रक्रिया को संस्थागत रूप मिला। इस व्यवस्था ने ग्राम सभा को एक सशक्त मंच के रूप में स्थापित किया, जहाँ नागरिक न केवल विकास योजनाओं में भाग लेते हैं, बल्कि निर्णय-निर्माण, निगरानी और सामाजिक अंकेक्षण (Social Audit) की प्रक्रियाओं में भी सक्रिय भूमिका निभाते हैं। इस प्रकार, पंचायती राज संस्थाएं पारदर्शिता, जवाबदेही, और सहभागिता जैसे सुशासन के मूलभूत सिद्धांतों को व्यावहारिक रूप में लागू करने का अवसर प्रदान करती हैं। यह अध्ययन मुख्यतः गुणात्मक (qualitative) और विश्लेषणात्मक (analytical) दृष्टिकोण पर आधारित है, जिसमें द्वितीयक स्रोतों जैसे कि सरकारी रिपोर्टों, अंतरराष्ट्रीय संस्थाओं (जैसे UNDP और World Bank) के दस्तावेजों, तथा पूर्व प्रकाशित शोध अध्ययनों का समावेश किया गया है। साथ ही, राजस्थान राज्य के संदर्भ में एक संक्षिप्त केस अध्ययन के माध्यम से यह दिखाने का प्रयास किया गया है कि पंचायती राज संस्थाएं व्यवहारिक स्तर पर सुशासन को किस प्रकार प्रभावित करती हैं। शोध के निष्कर्ष यह संकेत करते हैं कि पंचायती राज संस्थाओं ने ग्रामीण स्तर पर लोकतांत्रिक भागीदारी को बढ़ावा देने, महिलाओं और वंचित वर्गों के राजनीतिक सशक्तिकरण को सुनिश्चित करने, तथा विकास योजनाओं के बेहतर कार्यान्वयन में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है। विशेष रूप से, सूचना तक स्थानीय स्तर पर पहुँच में वृद्धि ने नागरिकों को अधिक जागरूक और सशक्त बनाया है, जिससे शासन में पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही में सुधार हुआ है। हालांकि, इस अध्ययन में यह भी स्पष्ट किया गया है कि पंचायती राज संस्थाओं की प्रभावशीलता कई संरचनात्मक और संस्थागत चुनौतियों से प्रभावित होती है। इनमें वित्तीय स्वायत्तता की कमी, प्रशासनिक क्षमता का अभाव, राज्य सरकारों का अत्यधिक नियंत्रण, तथा स्थानीय स्तर पर भ्रष्टाचार और अभिजात्य वर्चस्व (elite capture) जैसी समस्याएँ प्रमुख हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त, सूचना तक असमान पहुँच और डिजिटल विभाजन भी सुशासन की प्रक्रिया में बाधा उत्पन्न करते हैं।

Shivanand R Koppalkar  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  03 May 2026

This paper develops a thorough AI performance evaluation framework designed specifically for Innovate Software Consulting Inc Ltd, a worldwide enterprise technology advisory organization that delivers specialized services across four distinct operational areas: Oracle Human Capital Management (HCM) Cloud consulting, business-to-business (B2B) credit risk assessment, electronic Integrated Healthcare Management Systems (e-IHMS), and enterprise analytics platforms. The framework establishes eight essential key performance indicators for gauging the effectiveness of AI deployments: prediction accuracy, cost savings, operational efficiency, regulatory compliance, client satisfaction, ethical alignment, human-AI collaboration, and financial return-on-investment (ROI). In addition to these primary KPIs, the paper introduces three supplementary measurement approaches that address value dimensions conventional metrics frequently neglect: a stakeholder trust index, human-AI collaboration outcomes evaluation, and sustainability impact scoring. Two distinct generative AI platforms, Claude from Anthropic and Gemini from Google, conducted independent assessments of the framework from four senior executive viewpoints: Chief Legal Counsel, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer, and Chief Executive Officer. The eight resulting independent assessments were gathered, categorized by executive function, and methodically examined for patterns of convergence and divergence. A critical analysis integrates the collective feedback, pinpoints framework strengths and areas requiring enhancement, evaluates AI-simulated executive assessment as a strategic planning tool, and outlines a four-quarter deployment timeline. The framework maintains alignment with the NIST AI Risk Management Framework while extending foundational strategic documents including the organizational AI vision declaration, ethical AI governance architecture, team composition proposal, and data stewardship plan.

Puja Suresh Torawane , Devyani Govind Desale, Tanvi Vikram Tikone  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  03 May 2026

Women’s empowerment has become a pivotal concern in the digital era, with social media emerging as a significant platform for expression, participation, and visibility. This study examines how social media environments contribute tothe enhancement of women’s confidence, agency,andsocio-culturalrepresentation.It investigates the ways in which digital interactions enable women to challenge traditional barriers, assesses opportunities for leadership, and evaluates the transformative role of online communities. Thestudyalsoscrutinizesthelimitationsof social media, including online harassment, algorithmic biases, and privacy concerns, which can restrict women’s digital participation. By providing a critical overview of empowerment factors and constraints, this research analyzes the extent to which social media acts as a remarkable yet complex tool for empowerment. Consequently, the findings highlight the need for safer, inclusive, and supportive digital ecosystems that strengthen women’s voices and ensure equitable engagement across online platforms.

Ansilo Mathew  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  03 May 2026

In the contemporary digital era, online platforms have become integral to how people connect, learn, work, and express themselves. While these spaces provide opportunities for empowerment, creativity, and civic engagement, they have simultaneously generated new and intensified risks of gender-based violence (GBV). Women, girls, and gender-diverse individuals are particularly vulnerable to cyberbullying, stalking, trolling, image-based abuse, and misogynistic hate speech. These experiences compromise not only individual safety but also dignity, mental health, and equal participation in public life. This paper explores the gendered dimensions of online violence by analyzing how social media, digital forums, and interactive technologies both reinforce and challenge existing gender norms. It examines the psychological, social, and educational impacts of online harassment, with particular attention to women and young users, while critically engaging with the digital divide that shapes unequal access, usage, and control. The paper further highlights the significance of digital movements and collective resistance in confronting misogyny and promoting safer online spaces. Preventive measures—including digital literacy, privacy protection, and safe online practices—are emphasized alongside the imperative for effective support systems, counselling services, and robust legal and policy responses. The role of educational institutions in cultivating gender-sensitive digital cultures is presented as a critical pathway toward systemic, long-term transformation. By synthesizing multidisciplinary perspectives, this paper advocates for a holistic response that integrates personal resilience, collective action, institutional accountability, and global solidarity to build safer and more inclusive digital environments for all. Keywords: gender-based digital violence, cyberbullying, online harassment, digital literacy, collective action, feminist activism

Bhagyashree Sanjay Deshmukhe, Manasi Mahavir Kurade, Arpita Dhanpal Devmore, Prasanna Sanjay Adake, Girish Rahul Bhosale, Shrenik R. Patil  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  03 May 2026

This paper introduces a smart, privacy-focused AI assistant designed to simplify everyday digital tasks while keeping user data completely secure. Unlike traditional assistants that rely on cloud services, this system runs entirely on local infrastructure, ensuring sensitive information never leaves the user’s device. It combines three powerful capabilities into one unified platform: natural conversational interaction, legal guidance based on Indian laws, and intelligent document understanding for tasks like summarization and question answering. Built using locally hosted large language models, the assistant offers a seamless, all-in-one solution for both individuals and organizations. Experimental results show that the system performs efficiently with acceptable response times, making it a practical and secure alternative to existing AI assistants.

Dr.Mayuri b Kharat, Dr. Pravat kumar Dash  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  29 Apr 2026

Ayurvedic herbs like Chyavanprasha, Guduchi, and Ashwagandha can safely prevent recurring tonsillitis in children (6–12 years) by rebuilding immunity — targeting the root cause rather than just treating each episode.

Dr. Samrat Pandit, Dr. Tapan Kumar Pandit  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  29 Apr 2026

Urban Heat Island (UHI) is typically associated with large metropolitan areas, but emerging evidence suggests that small towns are increasingly experiencing similar thermal anomalies due to rapid land-use transformation. This study examines the UHI effect in Jhargram, a small but growing town in the Jungle Mahal region of West Bengal, India. Using secondary data, comparative regional studies, and conceptual analysis, the research identifies the relationship between land use/land cover (LULC) changes, declining vegetation, and rising land surface temperature (LST). The findings indicate that even low-density urbanization in small towns contributes to localized heat islands, affecting human health, ecological balance, and sustainability. The study further evaluates the implications of UHI on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and suggests adaptive strategies suitable for small-town planning.

Tamanna saini, Sarita Yadav  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  29 Apr 2026

While the scholarly field of digital inequality continues to expand in diverse directions, the intricate relationship between digital disparities and traditional forms of wealth inequality has yet to be fully addressed. Wealth inequality is a multifarious challenge driven by structured factors such as education gaps, income inequality, usage patterns, unemployment, and unequal access to investment opportunities. This research highlights the key importance of understanding how income inequality, financial inclusion, and employment trends influence the overall wealth distribution within the BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (2010), Egypt (2024), Ethiopia (2024), Iran (2024), Saudi Arabia (2024), United Arab Emirates (2024), Indonesia (2025)). The methodology of this study utilizes a systematic literature review of modern investigation and a theoretical investigation. By combining existing literature, this paper discusses key actual observations and offers exhaustive explanations for the shifting economic landscape. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of digital innovation and financial development on wealth inequality in BRICS countries. The results within this research paper suggest that, contrary to initial expectations of two digital leveling, technological innovation often increases wealth inequality within the BRICS countries. The finding indicate that the “digital divide” is no longer merely a matter of hardware access or “who has a phone”; instead, it has evolved into a gap in how individuals leverage digital tools to generate and accumulate wealth. The study concludes that to mitigate the inequality, policymakers must move beyond basic connectivity. There is a need to ensure the equitable distribution of wealth, stabilize the macro-economy, and strongly develop the digital skills of young entrepreneurs. Furthermore, strategic investment in financial technology must be balanced with inclusive regulatory frameworks to enhance sustainable economic growth across the BRICS nations.

Mirmanto Mirmanto, I Made Adi Sayoga, Nohdia Emi Saputra  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  29 Apr 2026

The growing demand for ice production in tropical regions necessitates the development of efficient and cost-effective refrigeration systems. This study examines the effect of water mass variation (5 kg, 10 kg, and 15 kg) on the performance of an ice-making machine utilizing an outdoor air conditioning unit (½ PK). The system operates based on the Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle, employing a serpentine evaporator immersed in a 20% saline solution. The experimental results indicate that freezing time increases proportionally with water mass, reaching 2.5 hours for 5 kg, 3.5 hours for 10 kg, and 5 hours for 15 kg. Heat transfer analysis shows that although the total thermal load rises with increasing mass, the system gradually approaches its cooling capacity limit, leading to reduced performance improvement at higher loads. Statistical evaluation using error bar analysis further confirms significant differences between lower and higher mass variations. From an economic perspective, the findings demonstrate that on-site ice production is considerably more cost-effective than purchasing ice, with unit costs decreasing as production volume increases. However, a trade-off emerges between cost efficiency and processing time. Therefore, optimizing the performance of ice-making systems requires a balanced consideration of thermal efficiency, system capacity, and economic viability.

Mr. Swaradh P, RAHUL R, Muhammed Zidhan K K, Muhammad Sinan K T, Rasitha R  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  29 Apr 2026

Public infrastructure management remains a significant challenge for people living in both urban and rural areas, where traditional complaint systems often suffer from inefficiencies, delays, and lack of transparency. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of existing Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based complaint management systems and evaluates their limitations in terms of automation, accuracy, and user engagement. Various approaches, including Natural Language Processing (NLP), machine learning models, and geolocation-based systems, are reviewed and analyzed. Based on the identified research gaps, this paper proposes an AI-powered complaint management system that integrates text and image classification with GPS-based location intelligence. The proposed system aims to improve complaint classification accuracy, ensure efficient routing to appropriate authorities, and enhance transparency through real-time tracking. This study contributes by addressing the limitations of existing systems and presenting a scalable solution that benefits citizens across both urban and rural environments.

Shivanand R Koppalkar  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  27 Apr 2026

This paper presents an enterprise data governance plan for all artificial intelligence (AI) projects at Innovate Software Consulting Inc Ltd. The company offers Oracle Human Capital Management (HCM) Cloud services, business-to-business (B2B) credit risk tools, electronic Integrated Healthcare Management Systems (e-IHMS), and enterprise analytics solutions. The plan covers seven governance areas: data ownership, data quality, privacy and security, lifecycle management, accountability, ethical AI, and ongoing compliance monitoring. It builds on the AI vision statement, ethical AI framework, team structure proposal, and executive review exercise. Two AI tools, Claude (Anthropic) and Gemini (Google), simulate reviews from four C-suite leaders: Chief Legal Counsel, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer, and Chief Executive Officer. A critical reflection ties together the feedback and identifies areas for improvement. The plan follows the NIST AI Risk Management Framework and maps to GDPR, CCPA, HIPAA, FCRA, and ECOA rules.

Dr.Nakka Surya Teja, Konki Duryodhana Rao, Mr Girish Chandra M S  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  25 Apr 2026

Background: Stress among elderly populations is a growing concern, particularly in rural communities where healthcare access is limited. Relaxation techniques are recognized as effective non-pharmacological interventions to reduce stress. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted among 60 elderly individuals in rural Guntur district. Structured teaching programmes on relaxation techniques were delivered, and stress levels were assessed using pre-test and post-test measures. Results: Pre-test findings showed 75% of participants had inadequate knowledge of relaxation techniques. Post-test results revealed significant improvement, with 91.7% demonstrating adequate knowledge. Mean stress scores improved from 9.62 (SD=4.65) to 26.30 (SD=2.96). Conclusion: Structured teaching programmes significantly enhanced knowledge and reduced stress among elderly participants. This approach is practical, cost-effective, and suitable for community health nursing interventions.

Shivanand R Koppalkar  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  25 Apr 2026

This study presents a multi-perspective executive assessment of three core artificial intelligence strategy documents developed for Innovate Software Consulting Inc Ltd. The documents include the Comprehensive AI Vision Statement, the Ethical AI Framework, and the AI Team Structure Proposal. Four executive roles guide the evaluation: Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer, and Chief Legal Counsel. Two generative AI platforms, Claude and Gemini, serve as analytical instruments to simulate critical reviews from each perspective. The analysis examines strategic alignment, financial viability, operational feasibility, risk governance, ethical compliance, legal exposure, and organizational transformation impacts. Combined executive feedback reveals strong agreement on strategic coherence and governance rigor. It also highlights key differences in financial modeling depth, regulatory preparedness, implementation timeline specificity, and measurable performance targets. This work draws upon current research in AI governance frameworks (Mikalef et al., 2025), organizational transformation theory (Fountaine et al., 2019), responsible innovation models (Floridi et al., 2018), and legal compliance scholarship (Selbst et al., 2019). The critical reflection explores how four-role C-suite deliberation strengthens strategic readiness. It also reveals hidden weaknesses across financial, operational, legal, and strategic dimensions. Generative AI tools prove useful as cognitive scaffolding for anticipating executive scrutiny. However, they have clear limitations including surface-level contextual understanding and a lack of organizational institutional knowledge. Key refinement areas include improved financial modeling, regulatory compliance mapping, faster pilot sequencing, and stronger change management protocols.

Shataxi Uma Jaiswal  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  25 Apr 2026

The global security architecture and the Indian defence system have been revolutionised due to the advancement of technology, and because of this, the architecture is poised at the juncture of the second Quantum revolution, which is not only a drastic progress but also signifies how far we have come since the time of independence. While discussing the second Quantum revolution we cannot negate the fact that the first quantum revolution was quite significant in nature as it ruled throughout the 20th century and also managed to harness the statistical properties and elements of the quantum mechanics to develop foundational technologies such as the transistor, the laser, and the atomic clock, the contemporary era is defined by the transition to Quantum Revolution 2.0. This New Era is considered as one of the most progressive eras as it is distinguished by the capacity to control individual quantum systems, such as atoms, ions, photons, and electrons, in order to take use of the "strange" principles of quantum physics, such as tunneling, entanglement, and superposition, at the boundaries of known physical reality. This paper shall focus upon the analytical research of quantum technology and how it has shaped the defence sector globally. This paper also highlights the multiple utility of this technology and its incorporation in India. In the end it proposes a study of its good and bad sides by highlighting the recent setbacks posed by them.

A Kameswara Rao, J Sujay, R Radhika  ·  International Journal of Technology & Emerging Research  ·  24 Apr 2026

The rapid expansion of digital advertising has created a lucrative target for fraudulent actors who exploit the pay-per-click model by generating illegitimate clicks through automated bots, click farms, and malicious scripts. These fraudulent activities distort campaign analytics, exhaust advertiser budgets, and progressively erode trust in online advertising platforms. Rule-based detection systems — which rely on fixed thresholds and manually defined heuristics — are easily circumvented by adversaries who deliberately engineer their traffic to remain below detection limits while still causing meaningful financial damage. This paper presents a modular, data-driven system that addresses this challenge by combining a 21-feature behavioural representation with a trained XG-Boost gradient boosting classifier to detect fraudulent clicks in real time. The system handles the severe class imbalance inherent to fraud datasets through cost-sensitive learning and threshold optimization guided by the precision-recall curve. Transparency is embedded at the core: SHAP-based explainability generates per-prediction feature-level rationales that are surfaced directly on the advertiser dashboard, converting opaque model decisions into actionable human-readable insights. The complete solution is implemented as a full-stack web application with a React frontend, Node.js/Express backend, Python Flask ML microservice, and MongoDB data layer. Evaluated on the large-scale TalkingData AdTracking benchmark, the deployed XGBoost model achieves an AUC of 0.9549 and a recall of 0.7673, while the hybrid LightGBM–XGBoost ensemble reaches 0.9815 AUC, demonstrating strong predictive performance and practical deployability