Rachimo Efraim Haradoeb

ABSTRACT This study investigates the systemic, institutional, and socio-environmental factors contributing to high recidivism rates at Windhoek Correctional Facility (WCF) in Namibia, aiming to enhance rehabilitation and reintegration outcomes. Grounded in Systems Theory (ST) and Social Disorganisation Theory (SDT), the study explores how interconnected societal structures and disordered communities influence reoffending patterns. These frameworks collectively underscore that recidivism is not solely the result of individual failure but stems from broader institutional and community-level deficiencies. The purpose of this research was to assess the effectiveness of current rehabilitation efforts and propose evidence-based strategies to reduce reoffending. The study pursued four specific objectives: (1) to explore factors contributing to high recidivism at WCF; (2) to assess the effectiveness of rehabilitation services on offender behaviour; (3) to examine the role and effectiveness of community reintegration programmes; and (4) to recommend measures to mitigate recidivism and improve rehabilitation outcomes. Employing a qualitative case study design, the study targeted key stakeholders involved in the rehabilitation process. Purposive sampling was used to select 16 recidivists (offenders serving third or subsequent sentences), 3 social workers, 3 programme officers, 3 correctional officers, and 2 vocational instructors. Semi-structured interviews served as the primary data collection tool, allowing for in-depth engagement with participants' lived experiences. Data were analysed using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase thematic analysis framework, ensuring rigorous coding, theme development, and contextual interpretation. Trustworthiness was established through credibility, confirmability, dependability, and transferability. The findings highlight four key drivers of recidivism: unemployment, criminal records, lack of post-release support, and overcrowded prison conditions. Participants reported that rehabilitation services at WCF are hampered by punitive staff attitudes, limited access to psychological and vocational support, and insufficient aftercare programmes. Furthermore, community reintegration efforts are undermined by stigma, weak family reunification services, and inadequate pre-release preparation. The study identifies three pivotal interventions: (1) structured aftercare support, including housing, counselling, and employment placement; (2) community education and employer incentives to reduce stigma and discrimination; and (3) institutional reforms to address corruption and criminal economies within correctional settings. This research contributes to Namibian and regional criminological discourse by offering a grounded, insider perspective enhanced by the researcher’s unique positionality as an incarcerated academic on the rehabilitation process. It calls for holistic, multi-sectoral collaboration between the Namibian Correctional Service (NCS), policymakers, NGOs, and communities to develop sustainable reintegration pathways. The implications extend to policy reforms, rehabilitation programme design, and future participatory research approaches within correctional institutions.